For over 30 years, I’ve worked closely with young people and youth services to support wellbeing, emotional health, and personal growth. I’ve always loved working with this age group — they’re open, curious, and often bring a refreshing honesty to the process.
A key influence on my approach has been the work of Dr. Morris Massey, particularly his ideas on values development. His model breaks down a child’s formative years into three key stages, each with distinct characteristics and needs:
1. The Imprint Period (0–7 years)
In these early years, children absorb the world around them like sponges. Their core beliefs, emotions, and sense of safety are imprinted largely through interactions with parents and primary caregivers. This period is crucial for developing an “inner voice,” learning emotional regulation, and forming a basic view of the world.
As Albert Einstein said, “The most important decision we make is whether we believe we live in a friendly or hostile universe.”
This fundamental orientation — whether the world feels safe or threatening — is often formed unconsciously in these early years. Nurturing, attuned caregiving creates the foundation for emotional resilience and secure development.
2. The Modelling Period (7–11 years)
During this stage, children begin to look beyond their parents and start modelling the behaviour of others — older siblings, cousins, school peers, or figures they admire. Role models become highly influential.
While parenting remains vital, it’s also important to acknowledge the growing impact of peer influence during this time. Children at this age thrive when surrounded by emotionally healthy, respectful, and regulated role models.
3. The Socialisation Period (11–18 years)
As children move into adolescence, peer relationships take centre stage. This is a time of experimentation and identity-building. Young people explore music, clothing, ideas, sexuality, and independence. They may experiment with substances or take risks — not necessarily due to rebellion, but as a way to find out who they are and how they relate to the world.
Neurological science helps us understand this better. Although legally considered adults at 18, brain development — especially in areas related to impulse control and emotional regulation — continues until around 25 years old. That’s why adolescents and young adults can be more impulsive, emotionally reactive, and prone to risk-taking. They’re still forming essential cognitive and emotional tools.
Why This Matters
Understanding these stages helps us meet young people with compassion rather than judgment. When we work with them — rather than against their development — we foster resilience, agency, and long-term wellbeing. Have a look at this page to see if you can answer this math(!) questions – it is an example of ‘hot’ and ‘cold cognition’. Guess which one teenagers may be prone to!